ENGLISH
EIGHT PARTS OF SPEECH
Written By :
NAME : IKRIMAH
NPM : 10.21.0005
MAJOR : ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY : TEACHER'S TRAINING AND EDUCATION
Lecturer : Nurhasanah, M.Pd
KALIMANTAN ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY
BANJARMASIN
2012
The parts of speech consist of eight parts, they are noun, verb, pronoun, interjection, adjective, adverb, preposition and conjunction. And in this paper, I would like to explain one by one related to eight parts of speech. Check it out !
A. NOUN
Noun is a word used as the name of anything, like a person, an animal, an object, a place, a situation, a quality or an idea.
Kinds of noun :
· Proper noun
Proper nouns are the names of individual people, places, titles, calendar times, etc. Proper nouns are always written with a capital letter.
example : - Zainab listen to the radio
- Jakarta is the capital city of Indonesia
· Common noun
Nouns which are not written with a capital letter do not refer to the name of an individual person or thing and are called common nouns.
example : - Take your book please !
- I see animal in the zoo
· Material noun
A material noun is a word for a material, a substance, or an ingredient that other things are made from.
example : - This ring made of gold
- The table is made of wood
· Collective noun
A collective noun refers to a group of people, animals or objects as a group, family, company, etc.
example : - The army made the ceremony
- Those are navy
B. VERB
Verb is the part of speech that expresses existence, action, or occurrence in most languages. Verbs are a necessary component of all sentences. Verbs have two important functions: Some verbs put static objects into motion while other verbs help to clarify the objects in meaningful ways. Look at the examples below :
Ø My grumpy old English teacher smiled at the plate of cold meatloaf
My grumpy old English teacher = static object; smiled = verb
Ø The daredevil cockroach splashed into Sara's soup
The daredevil cockroach = static object; splashed = verb
Ø Theo's overworked computer exploded in a spray of sparks
Theo's overworked computer = static object; exploded = verb
Ø The curious toddler popped a grasshopper into her mouth
The curious toddler = static object; popped = verb
The important thing to remember is that every subject in a sentence must have a verb. Otherwise, you will have written a fragment, a major writing error.
C. PRONOUN
Pronoun is the part of speech that substitutes for nouns or noun phrases and designates persons or things asked for, previously specified, or understood from the context.
Kinds of pronoun :
· Personal pronoun
A pronoun designating the person speaking (I, me, we, us), the person spoken to (you), or the person or thing spoken about (he, she, it, they, him, her, them).
example : I have a stamp album
· Possessive pronoun
One of several pronouns designating possession and capable of substituting for noun phrases.
example : The blue pen is mine
· Demonstrative pronoun
A pronoun that points out an intended referent
example : That is a good idea
· Relative pronoun
A pronoun that introduces a relative clause and has reference to an antecedent
example : I like the person who is diligent
· Interrogative pronoun
Used for the item interrupted in an information statement
example : Whose is the pen ?
· Indefinite pronoun
An indefinite pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun (or noun phrase) that is an unknown or unnamed person, thing, or amount
example : Someone sent me a letter
D. INTERJECTION
Interjection is a part of speech that can stand alone to express emotion or a reaction. Although an interjection can form a complete sentence (that is, expressing a thought without need of a subject and verb), one can often also be inserted within a sentence, usually parenthetically or separated by commas from the rest of the sentence. In written Spanish and English, an interjection frequently is used with exclamation marks. An interjection is sometimes expressed as a single word or non-sentence phrase, followed by a punctuation mark. The isolated usage of an interjection does not represent a complete sentence in conventional English writing. Thus, in formal writing, the interjection will be incorporated into a larger sentence clause. It also can be a reply to a question or statement.
Example : - Ah! I've won!
- Dear me! That's a surprise!
- Hello! My car's gone!
- Hey! look at that!
- Hey! What a good idea!
- Oh! You're here!
- Oh, please say 'yes'!
- Ouch! That hurts!
- Hurray! I win the game!
- Oh! I've got a toothache
- Hey! What a beautiful view!
E. ADJECTIVE
Adjective is the part of speech that modifies a noun or other substantive by limiting, qualifying, or specifying and distinguished in English morphologically by one of several suffixes, such as -able, -ous, -er, and -est, or syntactically by position directly preceding a noun or nominal phrase. Adjectives are descriptive words. An adjective is a word which qualifies a noun, that is, shows or points out some distinguishing mark or feature of the noun.
List of Descriptive Adjectives
Descriptive adjectives can be divided into different categories such as colors, sizes, sound, taste, touch, shapes, qualities, time, personality and ages. The following lists provide a few examples of descriptive adjectives in each of their categories :
§ Colors
examples : black, blue, white, green, red
examples : black, blue, white, green, red
§ Sizes
examples : big, small, large, thin, thick
examples : big, small, large, thin, thick
§ Shapes
examples : triangular, round, square, circular
examples : triangular, round, square, circular
§ Qualities
examples : good, bad, mediocre
examples : good, bad, mediocre
§ Personality Traits
examples : happy, sad, angry, depressed
examples : happy, sad, angry, depressed
§ Time related
examples : Yearly , monthly, annually
examples : Yearly , monthly, annually
§ Age related
examples : new, young, old, brand-new, second-hand
examples : new, young, old, brand-new, second-hand
§ Sound related
examples : loud, noisy, quiet, silent
examples : loud, noisy, quiet, silent
§ Touch related
examples : slippery, sticky
examples : slippery, sticky
§ Taste related
examples : juicy, sweet
examples : juicy, sweet
F. ADVERB
The part of speech that modifies a verb, adjective, or other adverb, clause, sentence or any other word or phrase, except that it does not include the adjectivesand determiners that directly modify nouns. Adverbs are traditionally regarded as one of theparts of speech, although the wide variety of the functions performed by words classed as adverbs means that it is hard to treat them as a single uniform category.
Kinds of adverb :
· Adverb of time
Adverb of time are words that describe a day
example : I’m studying English now
example : I’m studying English now
· Adverb of place
Adverbs of place tell us where something happen
example : She studies English here
· Adverb of manner
Adverbs of manner are the largest group of adverbs. Most adverbs of manner are closely related to corresponding adjectives. Although some words can be used as either adjectives or adverbs, in most cases, adverbs of manner are formed by adding ly to the corresponding adjectives.
example : They worked hard
· Adverb of degree
Adverbs of degree tell us about the intensity or degree of an action, an adjective or another adverb.
example : I quite understand
· Adverb of frequency
Adverbs of frequency tell hosw often something occurs or is done.
example : He eats twice every day
example : He eats twice every day
· Adverb of affirmation
Adverbs of affirmation are those adverbs that are used to indicate that a statement is true or that in some other way to affirm it.
example : Of course she can speak English
· Adverb of interrogative
An interrogative adverb is used to ask for new information or facts.
example : How did he go ?
· Adverb of relative pronoun
An adverb (where, when, or why) that introduces a relative clause, also known as a relative adverb clause.
example : I asked him how he went
G. PREPOSITION
A word employed to connect a noun or a pronoun, in anadjectival or adverbial sense, with some other word; a particle used with anoun or pronoun (English always in the objective case) to make aphrase limiting some other word; so called because usually placed beforethe word with which it is phrased; as, a bridge of iron; he comes fromtown; it is good for food; he escaped by running.
A preposition links nouns, pronouns and phrases to other words in asentence. The word or phrase that the preposition introduces is called the object of the preposition.
A preposition usually indicates the temporal, spatial or logical relationship of its object to the rest of the sentence as in the following
Examples of preposition in : - The children are playing in the garden
- We swan in the river yesterday
Examples of preposition on : - I put the book on the table last night
- He puts the small cat on the floor
Examples of preposition at : - He waits for them at the bus station
- I meet the pretty girl at the bus stop
H. CONJUNCTION
In grammar, a conjunction is a part of speech that connects two words, sentences, phrases or clauses together. A discourse connective is a conjunction joining sentences. This definition may overlap with that of other parts of speech, so what constitutes a "conjunction" must be defined for each language. In general, a conjunction is an invariable grammatical particle, and it may or may not stand between the items it conjoins.
Examples of conjunction and : - Rini and Budi are students
- Rita buys apple and orange
Examples of conjunction or : - You may take this cat or that cat
- Which one do you like, this apple or that apple ?
Examples of conjunction but : - Karyo is lazy but Kardi is diligent
- She is beautiful but stupid
Examples of conjunction while : - Heni wants to be a doctor while
her brother wants to be a teacher
- His father is reading a magazine while his mother is cooking
Examples of conjunction whereas : - Titin is quiet whereas her older
sister is talkative
- We want to go swimming whereas they want to go fishing
Examples of conjunction because : - She doesn’t go to school because
she is sick now
- We can’t go home because it is
raining very hard now
Examples of conjunction since : - They cancel the meeting since the
headmaster is sick
- He didn’t come here to help us since he was very busy
Examples of conjunction if : - She will be angry if you don’t
come there now
- We will not go to the meeting if rain tonight
Examples of conjunction when : - I know you when you came here
- I met him when you called me